Effect of Process Parameters and Biomass Type on Properties of Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis

Author(s)

Sourabh Chakraborty

Nazlim Aktay

F. Müge Alptekin

Melih Soner Celiktas

Nurhan Turgut Dunford

Published: September 2025

ABSTRACT

Porous carbon from renewable resources like biomass is a key material utilized in many applications ranging from environmental remediation to energy storage. There are limited reports in the literature on the effects of biomass pretreatment, production process parameters, and downstream processing on the final product properties. This is the first study aimed at closing the latter research gap. Six different types of underutilized biomass were examined: eastern red cedar wood, pecan shells, hazelnut shells, algal biomass, miscanthus, and sludge produced at municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Although pretreatment of biomass with KOH or ZnCl₂ enhanced formation of micro- and mesopores, carbon yield was lower (15.3–32.5%) than that obtained via non-catalytic pyrolysis (28.3–48%). An optimization study performed using response surface methodology and cedar wood has shown the significant effects (p < 0.05) of temperature and catalyst/biomass ratio on total BET pore volume and surface area. Additionally, catalyst/biomass ratio had a significant effect on the crystal structure and pore size distribution in the carbon produced by pyrolysis. Hence, optimization of process temperature, hold time, and activation ratio is capable of yielding porous carbon from cedar wood pyrolysis with desirable properties.

Citation: Biomass for Energy, Chemicals and Materials

Keywords: High porosity carbon, cedar wood, RSM, SEM, XRD, Type II adsorption isotherms

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5030052